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Many Canadian provinces consider Vulpes vulpes (Red fox), Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox) and a few other fox species as native animals, and prohibit their possession for personal interests, meaning as pets. Gray and Swift foxes are protected species, and thus, prohibited as pets nationwide in Canada. Importing a fox in Canada from elsewhere for the sole purpose of keeping it as a pet is illegal. Canadian residents may only purchase foxes from local, Canadian pet fox breeders or brokers that are legally allowed to sell the animals to the public.
As for the other 'exotic' species (Fennec fox, Argentine's Grey fox, Kit fox, Bengal fox, Ruppell's fox, Sechuran fox, Tibetan fox, Pampas fox, Hoary fox, Darwin's fox, Crab-eating fox, Pale fox, Corsac fox, Cape fox and Bat-eared fox, as well as the ''false foxes'', knowns as Culpeo foxes), almost all of them are illegal as pets in the country, since they are not native, and in the eyes of the Wildlife & Environment agents, they could potentially be a threat to the endemic wildlife species if released [intentionally or unintentionally] in the wild. However, some provinces do allow the private possession of certain non-native species, particularly that of Fennec foxes, which used to be bred several years ago by Petite Paws in B.C. for personal interests, and which are currently being bred and sold as companions by two small facilities based in Ontario.
Some provinces will only allow you to possess an exotic "pet" if you apply for a permit and get approved prior to obtaining the animal (you can apply for a permit by contacting the Wildlife Ministries [if requested by the province] or, if requested by your city's by-laws, by inquiring to an Animal Control Officer. A permit costs between 20$-300$/year - several requirements must be respected depending on the type of permit you applied for [enclosure size, material used to build it, indoor installations, approved veterinarian...] and inspectors of the Wildlife Ministries will occasionally visit, without a warning, to make sure that the conditions and requirements demanded by the permit are all respected. If they aren't, the permit's possessor runs the risk of being fined or of losing the permit.
It's important to get informed about the laws before acquiring an exotic pet, whether it's a fox or any other animal. If they are illegal in your province, and someone reports you to the Wildlife Ministries or the DNR, your pet will be taken away from you and will most likely be euthanized you will be given a fine (between 500-10,000$) for the unlawful possession of a prohibited species. You must make sure that you have written proof that the animal you are interested in is legal on a state/province level, on a municipal (city) level and, for those concerned, on a county level.
If the state/province you live in allows the private ownership of foxes, but your city does not, you are legally not allowed to have a fox. If, on the other hand, your city has no law against the private ownership of foxes but your state/province prohibits it, you are still not legally allowed to keep a fox. In order to be completely legal and not take a risk, your state/province, city and county must all allow the private ownership of foxes.
You must always make sure to have written proof of the law (The Wildlife Acts and the City By-laws), it can always come in handy.
As for the other 'exotic' species (Fennec fox, Argentine's Grey fox, Kit fox, Bengal fox, Ruppell's fox, Sechuran fox, Tibetan fox, Pampas fox, Hoary fox, Darwin's fox, Crab-eating fox, Pale fox, Corsac fox, Cape fox and Bat-eared fox, as well as the ''false foxes'', knowns as Culpeo foxes), almost all of them are illegal as pets in the country, since they are not native, and in the eyes of the Wildlife & Environment agents, they could potentially be a threat to the endemic wildlife species if released [intentionally or unintentionally] in the wild. However, some provinces do allow the private possession of certain non-native species, particularly that of Fennec foxes, which used to be bred several years ago by Petite Paws in B.C. for personal interests, and which are currently being bred and sold as companions by two small facilities based in Ontario.
Some provinces will only allow you to possess an exotic "pet" if you apply for a permit and get approved prior to obtaining the animal (you can apply for a permit by contacting the Wildlife Ministries [if requested by the province] or, if requested by your city's by-laws, by inquiring to an Animal Control Officer. A permit costs between 20$-300$/year - several requirements must be respected depending on the type of permit you applied for [enclosure size, material used to build it, indoor installations, approved veterinarian...] and inspectors of the Wildlife Ministries will occasionally visit, without a warning, to make sure that the conditions and requirements demanded by the permit are all respected. If they aren't, the permit's possessor runs the risk of being fined or of losing the permit.
It's important to get informed about the laws before acquiring an exotic pet, whether it's a fox or any other animal. If they are illegal in your province, and someone reports you to the Wildlife Ministries or the DNR, your pet will be taken away from you and will most likely be euthanized you will be given a fine (between 500-10,000$) for the unlawful possession of a prohibited species. You must make sure that you have written proof that the animal you are interested in is legal on a state/province level, on a municipal (city) level and, for those concerned, on a county level.
If the state/province you live in allows the private ownership of foxes, but your city does not, you are legally not allowed to have a fox. If, on the other hand, your city has no law against the private ownership of foxes but your state/province prohibits it, you are still not legally allowed to keep a fox. In order to be completely legal and not take a risk, your state/province, city and county must all allow the private ownership of foxes.
You must always make sure to have written proof of the law (The Wildlife Acts and the City By-laws), it can always come in handy.
Canada
MANITOBA
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
Person contacted on this matter ➝ BLAIRE BARTA, legislative specialist of the Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (204) 945-7749
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « In order for a person to possess domestic foxes in Manitoba, they would require a permit. However a permit would not be issued to a person to possess wildlife in Manitoba to keep as a pet, including Vulpes vulpes. »
« With regards to Domestic Fennec Foxes, unfortunately these animals are not legal to own within the City of Winnipeg. As per City of Winnipeg Exotic Animal By-law 3389/83, no person, firm or corporation shall keep or harbour "All members of order Carnivora excepting domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), domestic cats (Felis catus) and ferrets. »
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Manitoba) ➝ http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/w130e.php
• http://www.winnipeg.ca/cms/animal/faqs/exotic_faq.stm • http://www.winnipeg.ca/CLKDMIS/DocExt/ViewDoc.asp?DocumentTypeId=1&DocId=480
SASKATCHEWAN
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
Person contacted on this matter ➝ PENNY LALONDE, licensing specialist of Ministry of Environment (fish and wildlife branch).
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / 306-787-6218 / [email protected]
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « All foxes are defined as wildlife whether it is native or exotic wildlife, it is still wildlife and there are legalities to owning one in captivity in Saskatchewan and a permit would be required to import and retain them in the province. The only permit issued by the Ministry of Environment that allows an individual to retain restricted wildlife in captivity is a Commercial Wildlife Permit for Zoo Purposes. »
« No, they are not legal to import or possess in captivity if you don't have the Zoo permit, but that implies that you should be owner or a zoo facility. There are different color phases of foxes, just as there are different color phases of the black bear but that does not change the genetics of the animal. It is considered wildlife and it is illegal to import or possess. »
« Wildlife not listed in Section 3 of the Captive Wildlife Regulations may not be held in captivity without a licence/permit. » (foxes aren't listed, therefore illegal.)
« Foxes are considered livestock, wild or otherwise, according to the attached bylaw.
Section 26 states: Prohibition Against Livestock
26 • No person shall keep livestock in any area of the City unless the livestock are kept as part of a public agricultural exhibition or exposition operation or agricultural fair. »
Laws (The Captive Wildlife Regulations) ➝ http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Regulations/Regulations/W13-1R13.pdf (W-13.1 REG 18, part 3 states ALL species that are allowed without a license. Other species require a zoo permit, which implies owning an accredited zoological facility or a wildlife farm).
NOVA SCOTIA
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
Person contacted on this matter ➝ BOB D. PETRIE, legislative specialist of the Wildlife and Natural Resources Division (fish & wildlife branch).
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / # unknown
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « In Nova Scotia, all foxes and other canids (except the domestic dog) are considered 'wildlife' and are therefore not permitted to be kept in captivity without special permission. Canids (except for the domestic dog) are not allowed to being kept as personal pets. » (unless you have special permission, which you could only receive by contacting [email protected], you cannot legally possess a fox within the limits of the province of Nova Scotia).
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Nova Scotia) ➝
• http://www.gov.ns.ca/natr/wildlife/laws/pdf/App2.pdf (wildlife legal to be owned as a pet without a permit. Wildlife not listed on the document linked previously may not be kept/imported as a pet within the province).
ALBERTA
Are foxes legal ➝ NO (unless you apply for a permit to the Wildlife Ministries of Alberta and get an approbation).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ IVAN, from the 311 Services of the city of Edmonton.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ Animal Services (780) 496-8860 / [email protected]
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Alberta) ➝ http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/W10.pdf
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (Permit must be given to you by the Wildlife and Game Preservation before acquiring a red fox or arctic fox, and your enclosure must be approved by the wildlife agents prior to welcoming the fox onto your property --- fennec foxes, grey foxes and other fox species non-native to BC can only be owned by a citizen holding a valid CAS "Controlled Alien Species" permit and whose enclosure is approved by the Fish & Wildlife Ministries).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ NURIE ALIPERTI, Wildlife and CAS Permit Administrator and KATE THOMPSON, manager at Media Relations.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (250) 952 0681
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « Red, silver, arctic foxes are considered wildlife and you will require a permit given by the Wildlife and Game Preservation, to be in legal possession of that fox – regardless of whether it is wild or “domestic”. The permit is to be submitted before the animal's purchase, after which wildlife agents will come inspect your property and enclosure. If you don't meet the proper requirements for the enclosure the permit application will be canceled. »
« Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda), the Grey fox, as well as other non-native species are members of the family Canidae and are therefore considered to be Controlled Alien Species and, as of April 1, 2010, a person in BC is required to hold a valid CAS permit in order to be in legal possession of it. » (you can have any non-native fox specie, as long as the Fish & Wildlife Ministries approves your application for a CAS permit). There are enclosure requirements coming with this permit, however they are not as strict as the ones for red, silver and arctic foxes.
• CAS permit application http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/pasb/applications/docs/cas-personal-permit.pdf
Laws (List of Controlled Alien Species + The Wildlife Act of BC) ➝ http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/fw/wildlifeactreview/cas/pdf/common-all.pdf (lists ALL the illegal-to-be-kept-as-pets species).
• http://vancouverhumanesociety.bc.ca/downloads/VHS%20submission%20to%20review%20of%20BC%20Wildlife%20Act.pdf (specifications about captive exotic animals
• http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/pasb/docs/wildlife_act/GeneralReg_Nov2005.pdf
Details concerning the CAS permit) http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/fw/wildlifeactreview/cas/
ONTARIO
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (only non-native "exotic" species that are not endangered, native species such as the red, arctic and grey fox are illegal).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ KATHY KIRKLAND, Captivity Biologist of Laws.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (416) 338-7297
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « You may purchase and keep a non-native species of fox as a pet in Ontario. There is no provincial permit or license required for the keeping of non-native species as pets; however some municipalities prohibit ownership of foxes and other species as pets. »
« It is unlawful to keep the three species of fox native to Ontario as pets, as they are designated as specially protected wildlife under the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1997. This includes Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus), Grey Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). »
Laws (Wildlife Preservation + Municipalities Act) ➝ http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/FW/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_168424.html
NEWFOUNDLAND
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
Person contacted on this matter ➝ BRUCE RODRIGUES, Ecosystem Management Ecologist from the Depart. of Environment and Conservation (W.D.)
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (709) 637-2050
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « If the species being considered is the Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) your request would likely be turned down, since we do not allow native wild species to be kept as pets. »
« We will not be permitting fennec foxes as pets. This policy would be in line with the recommendations of the Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council of Canada, an organization which represents the pet industry in Canada. The only canid allowed for possession in Newfoundland and Labrador would be dogs. »
« The Arctic Fox will not be allowed as a pet. Native species are not allowed as pets. »
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Newfoundland) ➝ http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/Regulations/rc961156.htm#SchedB_ (lists all animals that can be legally brought and owned into the province without a permit. Foxes aren't part of the legal list, therefore, not legal to import nor own in the province of Newfoundland. Any animal not listed on that document cannot be imported/kept within the province).
NEW BRUNSWICK
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (but strictly captive-bred colours of the Red fox; they cannot be left to run free out of the owner's property).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ Someone from Dep. of Natural Resources & JACQUES DOIRON, by-law Enforcement Officer & Emo Coordinator.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (506) 453-3826 / [email protected] / (506) 737-6707
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « It is not permitted to keep foxes or any canids, other than domestic dogs, as pets in New Brunswick. However, we make an exception for foxes presenting unusual colors that cannot be seen on wild specimens. »
« Foxes on Fox farms in New Brunswick are considered livestock, not pets, and fall under the jurisdiction of the Livestock Operations Act. »
« You do not need a permit for the animal but, article 2c) of our municipal by-law respecting animal control (# 10R2011), says that all wild animals must be in a cage if it is in a public place, street or sidewalk. This means that you can own a fox but you must have it in a cage if you leave your premises. » (basically, you are allowed to have a fox, but you can only let it free at your property. If you decide to bring your fox in town or any other public places, you MUST lock it up in a cage).
Laws (Exotic Wildlife Regulation) ➝ http://www.gnb.ca/0062/PDF-regs/92-74.pdf (Regulation 92-74 lists all species legal to be imported/kept as pets).
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (PEI)
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (only in Summerside's municipality though).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ RICHARD COLLINS
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / 902 368 4683
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « To bring foxes into the province or to breed them you need a permit and to keep a fox in captivity may be a violation if you are not in possession of a permit authorizing you to do so. I would strongly suggest you contact Chuck Garrision at 902 368 4683 who is the Wildlife Captivity Officer for the Province. »
SUMMERSIDE CITY ➝ « ...you can obtain an animal permit from the Animal Control Officer in order to keep/harbour these animals within the city + your adjacent neighbours will need to sign off as well. » (''your neighbours will need to sign off'' means they will have to sign an official contract (possibly your permit) which will be proof that they agreed to you having a fox in the neighbourhood - foxes scream and smell, things which could easily bother the neighbours on a long term. If they sign the contract/permit, they agree to tolerate the occasional disturbances that the fox will cause).
Laws (The Wildlife Act of PEI) ➝ http://www.gov.pe.ca/law/statutes/pdf/w-04_1.pdf (Summerside allows all federally legal fox species, as long as you are in possession of a provincial permit (contact Chuck Garrision for more information), an animal permit (given by the Animal Control Officer) and that you have the written consent of your neighbours to harbour such an animal in their surroundings).
NUNAVUT
Are foxes legal ➝ NO (foxes are frequently trapped/hunter in Nunavut, and orphan kits are very commonly taken in by local residents and raised as companions or "pets" - no rescued fox has ever been seized for being illegally owned, however, we do not condone this kind of action as it could, one day, put the life of one fox in jeopardy. If you find an injured/orphan fox, please contact the Ministries of Wildlife of your territory to inquire what to do with the animal).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ JIMMY KENNEDY, Coordinator of Regulations and Operations at the Department of Environment from the Wildlife Management Division.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (867) 934 2052
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « Under the Nunavut Wildlife Act the fox species that are listed as “furbearers” include: Alopex (white fox and arctic fox) and Vulpes (red, cross, black and silver fox). Therefore if the species of fox you are looking at as a domestic pet falls into either of these then it would be considered a furbearer. It would also not be allowed to be imported into Nunavut or possessed in the Territory. »
Section 39 of the Wildlife Licence and Permits Regulations does not allow for the importation of live vertebrates that, in its natural range, is found wild in nature. So this would not allow Gray, Fennec, Bat-Earred, and Corsac foxes. »
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Nunavut) ➝ http://www.bcmanr.ca/files/Nunavut_Wildlife_Act.pdf
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES (N.W.T)
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (all federally legal species of foxes can be owned in N.W.T. if you are given a permit by the Deputy Minister and go through the application process, which includes the submission of a health certificate for the fox, given by a licensed veterinarian, indicating the animal is in good health).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ MARK HEYCK, Mayor of the City of Yellowknife.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (867) 920-5693
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « Anyone wishing to import live wildlife into the NWT must first go through an application process and obtain a permit. The application requires submission of a health certificate from a licensed veterinarian indicating the animal is in good condition and free of diseases, parasites, etc. Once the application is received, it is evaluated and a determination is made by the Deputy Minister on whether or not to issue the permit. » (Permit can be picked up at the ENR north slave office near the old Johnson's Building Supply location).
Laws ➝ from the Department of Environment and Natural Ressources.
YUKON TERRITORIES (YUKON)
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (however, being approved is incredibly hard: you have to email a request to own captive wildlife to the government of Yukon - see request below - and send it to the township of Whitehorse by email).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ DAVID BAKICA, District Conservation Officer.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (867) 393-7078
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « All of the animals you describe in your original e-mail would be considered Wildlife under or legislation. At this time there is a moratorium on captive wildlife in the Yukon and new regulations are going to be created regarding captive wildlife. I do not believe regulations are even in the draft stage yet so likely they will not be in place for several years at least. »
« To be clear, any of the foxes you describe are considered Wildlife under our legislation, and it would be illegal to have any of them alive in captivity in Yukon.»
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Yukon) ➝ http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/wildlife.
Here’s the request that must be completed in order to see if the government accepts your exotic pet.
134. Every owner of an exotic animal shall register their animal with the City by providing the following information for each exotic animal that is under their care :
(1) Name, street address, postal code and telephone number of the owner;
(2) Name and description of the exotic animal; and
(3) Such other information as may be required by the City (picture of animal, age, health certificate, etc...).
QUÉBEC
Are foxes legal ➝ YES/OUI (only Vulpes vulpes [Red fox], Vulpes lagopus [Arctic fox] and their hybrids [Red fox/Arctic fox cross]) specimens that are easily distinguishable from wild foxes by their size, colour or shape).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ ALAIN CHAINÉ, legislative specialist of the Ministries of Wildlife and Environment.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (418) 521-3888 post 7384
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « La Loi sur la conservation et la mise en valeur de la faune, et particulièrement le Règlement sur les animaux en captivité, interdit la garde d’un renard (Vulpes vulpes) comme animal de compagnie et la possession à des fins personnelles. »
« Par contre, certains spécimens de renard se distinguent facilement part leur taille, forme ou couleur des individus sauvages qu’on pourrait voir en nature. Ces spécimens ne correspondraient alors pas à la définition du mot animal de la Loi et pourraient être gardés en captivité comme animal de compagnie. » (Red foxes that can easily be distinguished from wild foxes by their size [some captive-bred foxes can weight up to 35 pounds, while the average wild fox weighs 8-12 pounds], their shape [tailless fox, floppy ears, curly tail...] and their colour [captive-bred colours such as marble, platinum, cinnamon, amber, pearl, white faced...] can be legally possessed within the province without a permit).
Therefore, all captive-bred colours which are easily distinguishable from the native colour (red) are legal. Foxes which can be distinguished from wild foxes by their shape (floppy ears, curly tail, etc.) can be legally possessed, even if they are red - because their shape does not correspond that of a typical wild fox.
Laws (Loi sur la conservation et la mise en valeur de la faune) ➝ http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?&file=/C_61_1/C61_1R5.HTM
English version ➝ http://www.canlii.org/en/qc/laws/stat/rsq-c-c-61.1/latest/rsq-c-c-61.1.html
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
Person contacted on this matter ➝ BLAIRE BARTA, legislative specialist of the Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (204) 945-7749
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « In order for a person to possess domestic foxes in Manitoba, they would require a permit. However a permit would not be issued to a person to possess wildlife in Manitoba to keep as a pet, including Vulpes vulpes. »
« With regards to Domestic Fennec Foxes, unfortunately these animals are not legal to own within the City of Winnipeg. As per City of Winnipeg Exotic Animal By-law 3389/83, no person, firm or corporation shall keep or harbour "All members of order Carnivora excepting domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), domestic cats (Felis catus) and ferrets. »
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Manitoba) ➝ http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/w130e.php
• http://www.winnipeg.ca/cms/animal/faqs/exotic_faq.stm • http://www.winnipeg.ca/CLKDMIS/DocExt/ViewDoc.asp?DocumentTypeId=1&DocId=480
SASKATCHEWAN
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
Person contacted on this matter ➝ PENNY LALONDE, licensing specialist of Ministry of Environment (fish and wildlife branch).
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / 306-787-6218 / [email protected]
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « All foxes are defined as wildlife whether it is native or exotic wildlife, it is still wildlife and there are legalities to owning one in captivity in Saskatchewan and a permit would be required to import and retain them in the province. The only permit issued by the Ministry of Environment that allows an individual to retain restricted wildlife in captivity is a Commercial Wildlife Permit for Zoo Purposes. »
« No, they are not legal to import or possess in captivity if you don't have the Zoo permit, but that implies that you should be owner or a zoo facility. There are different color phases of foxes, just as there are different color phases of the black bear but that does not change the genetics of the animal. It is considered wildlife and it is illegal to import or possess. »
« Wildlife not listed in Section 3 of the Captive Wildlife Regulations may not be held in captivity without a licence/permit. » (foxes aren't listed, therefore illegal.)
« Foxes are considered livestock, wild or otherwise, according to the attached bylaw.
Section 26 states: Prohibition Against Livestock
26 • No person shall keep livestock in any area of the City unless the livestock are kept as part of a public agricultural exhibition or exposition operation or agricultural fair. »
Laws (The Captive Wildlife Regulations) ➝ http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Regulations/Regulations/W13-1R13.pdf (W-13.1 REG 18, part 3 states ALL species that are allowed without a license. Other species require a zoo permit, which implies owning an accredited zoological facility or a wildlife farm).
NOVA SCOTIA
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
Person contacted on this matter ➝ BOB D. PETRIE, legislative specialist of the Wildlife and Natural Resources Division (fish & wildlife branch).
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / # unknown
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « In Nova Scotia, all foxes and other canids (except the domestic dog) are considered 'wildlife' and are therefore not permitted to be kept in captivity without special permission. Canids (except for the domestic dog) are not allowed to being kept as personal pets. » (unless you have special permission, which you could only receive by contacting [email protected], you cannot legally possess a fox within the limits of the province of Nova Scotia).
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Nova Scotia) ➝
• http://www.gov.ns.ca/natr/wildlife/laws/pdf/App2.pdf (wildlife legal to be owned as a pet without a permit. Wildlife not listed on the document linked previously may not be kept/imported as a pet within the province).
ALBERTA
Are foxes legal ➝ NO (unless you apply for a permit to the Wildlife Ministries of Alberta and get an approbation).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ IVAN, from the 311 Services of the city of Edmonton.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ Animal Services (780) 496-8860 / [email protected]
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Alberta) ➝ http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/W10.pdf
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (Permit must be given to you by the Wildlife and Game Preservation before acquiring a red fox or arctic fox, and your enclosure must be approved by the wildlife agents prior to welcoming the fox onto your property --- fennec foxes, grey foxes and other fox species non-native to BC can only be owned by a citizen holding a valid CAS "Controlled Alien Species" permit and whose enclosure is approved by the Fish & Wildlife Ministries).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ NURIE ALIPERTI, Wildlife and CAS Permit Administrator and KATE THOMPSON, manager at Media Relations.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (250) 952 0681
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « Red, silver, arctic foxes are considered wildlife and you will require a permit given by the Wildlife and Game Preservation, to be in legal possession of that fox – regardless of whether it is wild or “domestic”. The permit is to be submitted before the animal's purchase, after which wildlife agents will come inspect your property and enclosure. If you don't meet the proper requirements for the enclosure the permit application will be canceled. »
« Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda), the Grey fox, as well as other non-native species are members of the family Canidae and are therefore considered to be Controlled Alien Species and, as of April 1, 2010, a person in BC is required to hold a valid CAS permit in order to be in legal possession of it. » (you can have any non-native fox specie, as long as the Fish & Wildlife Ministries approves your application for a CAS permit). There are enclosure requirements coming with this permit, however they are not as strict as the ones for red, silver and arctic foxes.
• CAS permit application http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/pasb/applications/docs/cas-personal-permit.pdf
Laws (List of Controlled Alien Species + The Wildlife Act of BC) ➝ http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/fw/wildlifeactreview/cas/pdf/common-all.pdf (lists ALL the illegal-to-be-kept-as-pets species).
• http://vancouverhumanesociety.bc.ca/downloads/VHS%20submission%20to%20review%20of%20BC%20Wildlife%20Act.pdf (specifications about captive exotic animals
• http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/pasb/docs/wildlife_act/GeneralReg_Nov2005.pdf
Details concerning the CAS permit) http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/fw/wildlifeactreview/cas/
ONTARIO
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (only non-native "exotic" species that are not endangered, native species such as the red, arctic and grey fox are illegal).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ KATHY KIRKLAND, Captivity Biologist of Laws.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (416) 338-7297
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « You may purchase and keep a non-native species of fox as a pet in Ontario. There is no provincial permit or license required for the keeping of non-native species as pets; however some municipalities prohibit ownership of foxes and other species as pets. »
« It is unlawful to keep the three species of fox native to Ontario as pets, as they are designated as specially protected wildlife under the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1997. This includes Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus), Grey Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). »
Laws (Wildlife Preservation + Municipalities Act) ➝ http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/FW/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_168424.html
NEWFOUNDLAND
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
Person contacted on this matter ➝ BRUCE RODRIGUES, Ecosystem Management Ecologist from the Depart. of Environment and Conservation (W.D.)
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (709) 637-2050
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « If the species being considered is the Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) your request would likely be turned down, since we do not allow native wild species to be kept as pets. »
« We will not be permitting fennec foxes as pets. This policy would be in line with the recommendations of the Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council of Canada, an organization which represents the pet industry in Canada. The only canid allowed for possession in Newfoundland and Labrador would be dogs. »
« The Arctic Fox will not be allowed as a pet. Native species are not allowed as pets. »
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Newfoundland) ➝ http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/Regulations/rc961156.htm#SchedB_ (lists all animals that can be legally brought and owned into the province without a permit. Foxes aren't part of the legal list, therefore, not legal to import nor own in the province of Newfoundland. Any animal not listed on that document cannot be imported/kept within the province).
NEW BRUNSWICK
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (but strictly captive-bred colours of the Red fox; they cannot be left to run free out of the owner's property).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ Someone from Dep. of Natural Resources & JACQUES DOIRON, by-law Enforcement Officer & Emo Coordinator.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (506) 453-3826 / [email protected] / (506) 737-6707
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « It is not permitted to keep foxes or any canids, other than domestic dogs, as pets in New Brunswick. However, we make an exception for foxes presenting unusual colors that cannot be seen on wild specimens. »
« Foxes on Fox farms in New Brunswick are considered livestock, not pets, and fall under the jurisdiction of the Livestock Operations Act. »
« You do not need a permit for the animal but, article 2c) of our municipal by-law respecting animal control (# 10R2011), says that all wild animals must be in a cage if it is in a public place, street or sidewalk. This means that you can own a fox but you must have it in a cage if you leave your premises. » (basically, you are allowed to have a fox, but you can only let it free at your property. If you decide to bring your fox in town or any other public places, you MUST lock it up in a cage).
Laws (Exotic Wildlife Regulation) ➝ http://www.gnb.ca/0062/PDF-regs/92-74.pdf (Regulation 92-74 lists all species legal to be imported/kept as pets).
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (PEI)
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (only in Summerside's municipality though).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ RICHARD COLLINS
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / 902 368 4683
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « To bring foxes into the province or to breed them you need a permit and to keep a fox in captivity may be a violation if you are not in possession of a permit authorizing you to do so. I would strongly suggest you contact Chuck Garrision at 902 368 4683 who is the Wildlife Captivity Officer for the Province. »
SUMMERSIDE CITY ➝ « ...you can obtain an animal permit from the Animal Control Officer in order to keep/harbour these animals within the city + your adjacent neighbours will need to sign off as well. » (''your neighbours will need to sign off'' means they will have to sign an official contract (possibly your permit) which will be proof that they agreed to you having a fox in the neighbourhood - foxes scream and smell, things which could easily bother the neighbours on a long term. If they sign the contract/permit, they agree to tolerate the occasional disturbances that the fox will cause).
Laws (The Wildlife Act of PEI) ➝ http://www.gov.pe.ca/law/statutes/pdf/w-04_1.pdf (Summerside allows all federally legal fox species, as long as you are in possession of a provincial permit (contact Chuck Garrision for more information), an animal permit (given by the Animal Control Officer) and that you have the written consent of your neighbours to harbour such an animal in their surroundings).
NUNAVUT
Are foxes legal ➝ NO (foxes are frequently trapped/hunter in Nunavut, and orphan kits are very commonly taken in by local residents and raised as companions or "pets" - no rescued fox has ever been seized for being illegally owned, however, we do not condone this kind of action as it could, one day, put the life of one fox in jeopardy. If you find an injured/orphan fox, please contact the Ministries of Wildlife of your territory to inquire what to do with the animal).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ JIMMY KENNEDY, Coordinator of Regulations and Operations at the Department of Environment from the Wildlife Management Division.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (867) 934 2052
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « Under the Nunavut Wildlife Act the fox species that are listed as “furbearers” include: Alopex (white fox and arctic fox) and Vulpes (red, cross, black and silver fox). Therefore if the species of fox you are looking at as a domestic pet falls into either of these then it would be considered a furbearer. It would also not be allowed to be imported into Nunavut or possessed in the Territory. »
Section 39 of the Wildlife Licence and Permits Regulations does not allow for the importation of live vertebrates that, in its natural range, is found wild in nature. So this would not allow Gray, Fennec, Bat-Earred, and Corsac foxes. »
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Nunavut) ➝ http://www.bcmanr.ca/files/Nunavut_Wildlife_Act.pdf
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES (N.W.T)
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (all federally legal species of foxes can be owned in N.W.T. if you are given a permit by the Deputy Minister and go through the application process, which includes the submission of a health certificate for the fox, given by a licensed veterinarian, indicating the animal is in good health).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ MARK HEYCK, Mayor of the City of Yellowknife.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (867) 920-5693
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « Anyone wishing to import live wildlife into the NWT must first go through an application process and obtain a permit. The application requires submission of a health certificate from a licensed veterinarian indicating the animal is in good condition and free of diseases, parasites, etc. Once the application is received, it is evaluated and a determination is made by the Deputy Minister on whether or not to issue the permit. » (Permit can be picked up at the ENR north slave office near the old Johnson's Building Supply location).
Laws ➝ from the Department of Environment and Natural Ressources.
YUKON TERRITORIES (YUKON)
Are foxes legal ➝ YES (however, being approved is incredibly hard: you have to email a request to own captive wildlife to the government of Yukon - see request below - and send it to the township of Whitehorse by email).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ DAVID BAKICA, District Conservation Officer.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (867) 393-7078
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « All of the animals you describe in your original e-mail would be considered Wildlife under or legislation. At this time there is a moratorium on captive wildlife in the Yukon and new regulations are going to be created regarding captive wildlife. I do not believe regulations are even in the draft stage yet so likely they will not be in place for several years at least. »
« To be clear, any of the foxes you describe are considered Wildlife under our legislation, and it would be illegal to have any of them alive in captivity in Yukon.»
Laws (The Wildlife Act of Yukon) ➝ http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/wildlife.
Here’s the request that must be completed in order to see if the government accepts your exotic pet.
134. Every owner of an exotic animal shall register their animal with the City by providing the following information for each exotic animal that is under their care :
(1) Name, street address, postal code and telephone number of the owner;
(2) Name and description of the exotic animal; and
(3) Such other information as may be required by the City (picture of animal, age, health certificate, etc...).
QUÉBEC
Are foxes legal ➝ YES/OUI (only Vulpes vulpes [Red fox], Vulpes lagopus [Arctic fox] and their hybrids [Red fox/Arctic fox cross]) specimens that are easily distinguishable from wild foxes by their size, colour or shape).
Person contacted on this matter ➝ ALAIN CHAINÉ, legislative specialist of the Ministries of Wildlife and Environment.
Contact (email/phone) ➝ [email protected] / (418) 521-3888 post 7384
Excerpts of our conversation ➝ « La Loi sur la conservation et la mise en valeur de la faune, et particulièrement le Règlement sur les animaux en captivité, interdit la garde d’un renard (Vulpes vulpes) comme animal de compagnie et la possession à des fins personnelles. »
« Par contre, certains spécimens de renard se distinguent facilement part leur taille, forme ou couleur des individus sauvages qu’on pourrait voir en nature. Ces spécimens ne correspondraient alors pas à la définition du mot animal de la Loi et pourraient être gardés en captivité comme animal de compagnie. » (Red foxes that can easily be distinguished from wild foxes by their size [some captive-bred foxes can weight up to 35 pounds, while the average wild fox weighs 8-12 pounds], their shape [tailless fox, floppy ears, curly tail...] and their colour [captive-bred colours such as marble, platinum, cinnamon, amber, pearl, white faced...] can be legally possessed within the province without a permit).
Therefore, all captive-bred colours which are easily distinguishable from the native colour (red) are legal. Foxes which can be distinguished from wild foxes by their shape (floppy ears, curly tail, etc.) can be legally possessed, even if they are red - because their shape does not correspond that of a typical wild fox.
Laws (Loi sur la conservation et la mise en valeur de la faune) ➝ http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?&file=/C_61_1/C61_1R5.HTM
English version ➝ http://www.canlii.org/en/qc/laws/stat/rsq-c-c-61.1/latest/rsq-c-c-61.1.html
United States of America
Please visit The Artful Fox for better, up-to-date and detailed information regarding the laws of each US state.
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- Delaware
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- California
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Rhode Island
- Pennsylvania
- Oregon
- South Carolina
- Tennessee
- South Dakota
- Texas
- Virginia
- Utah
- Vermont
- Wisconsin
- West Virginia
- Washington
- Wyoming
Europe
Latvia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Romania allow you to catch wild foxes to keep as pets, although I do not recommend doing that. All non-threatened and native species are legal, and purchasing from fur farms is legal too. No license or proof of purchase is needed.
United Kingdom, Scotland allow you to keep, breed and sell captive-bred tame foxes as pets. Keeping, breeding or selling wild-caught or orphaned wild foxes is not legal, and any injured or orphaned wild foxes must be given to a wildlife rehabber and released as soon as they are able to survive on their own.
In Germany, you need a license to have a fox, but otherwise, all non-threatened species are legal. The license is very easy to obtain.
In Finland, all species are legal, but the fox must come from an European breeder, with paperwork to prove it. It is illegal to import a fox from anywhere else than Europe.
In Ireland, all species of fox are illegal, whether they come from a pet fox breeder or not. The vaccine for foxes is not recognized there, hence why they are illegal to breed and own in the country.
In Norway, importing a fox as a pet is legal, but you'd have to send an individual request to the Norwegian Directory for Nature Management, to the following land address: PB 5672 Sluppen 7485 Trondheim, Norway. You may also submit your application by email: [email protected]
In Italy, all foxes, except for Russian domesticated foxes (from Novosibirsk, Russia, with paperwork proving they come from there), are illegal.
In Denmark and in the Netherlands, all species of fox, including native species, are legal without the need of a license. Importation is also permitted.
In France and in Belgium, you need a capacity certificate (CDC) to be in legal possession of a fox for personal purpose or in order to rehabilitate/release wild foxes.
In Turkey, all non-threatened fox species, including native species, are legal without the need of a license.
In Austria, Holland and Poland, fennec foxes, arctic foxes and non-native red foxes are legal, without the need of a license.
In Switzerland, only fennec foxes are legal. No license is required in order to possess one. Reds foxes and other species require a capacity certificate.
In Spain, only red foxes and arctic foxes are legal, and no license is needed, but proof of purchase from a breeder is required.
If you live in other European countries and wish to share your life with a pet fox, but you're unsure about the laws, contact me and I'll help you find out more.
United Kingdom, Scotland allow you to keep, breed and sell captive-bred tame foxes as pets. Keeping, breeding or selling wild-caught or orphaned wild foxes is not legal, and any injured or orphaned wild foxes must be given to a wildlife rehabber and released as soon as they are able to survive on their own.
In Germany, you need a license to have a fox, but otherwise, all non-threatened species are legal. The license is very easy to obtain.
In Finland, all species are legal, but the fox must come from an European breeder, with paperwork to prove it. It is illegal to import a fox from anywhere else than Europe.
In Ireland, all species of fox are illegal, whether they come from a pet fox breeder or not. The vaccine for foxes is not recognized there, hence why they are illegal to breed and own in the country.
In Norway, importing a fox as a pet is legal, but you'd have to send an individual request to the Norwegian Directory for Nature Management, to the following land address: PB 5672 Sluppen 7485 Trondheim, Norway. You may also submit your application by email: [email protected]
In Italy, all foxes, except for Russian domesticated foxes (from Novosibirsk, Russia, with paperwork proving they come from there), are illegal.
In Denmark and in the Netherlands, all species of fox, including native species, are legal without the need of a license. Importation is also permitted.
In France and in Belgium, you need a capacity certificate (CDC) to be in legal possession of a fox for personal purpose or in order to rehabilitate/release wild foxes.
In Turkey, all non-threatened fox species, including native species, are legal without the need of a license.
In Austria, Holland and Poland, fennec foxes, arctic foxes and non-native red foxes are legal, without the need of a license.
In Switzerland, only fennec foxes are legal. No license is required in order to possess one. Reds foxes and other species require a capacity certificate.
In Spain, only red foxes and arctic foxes are legal, and no license is needed, but proof of purchase from a breeder is required.
If you live in other European countries and wish to share your life with a pet fox, but you're unsure about the laws, contact me and I'll help you find out more.
Oceania (Australia and surroundings)
AUSTRALIA
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
Foxes were legal in NSW, however, a new law has been passed in 2015 which prohibits anyone from owning a fox in the state. Current fox owners must apply and be granted a license to be able to continue to keep their foxes.
New Zealand - New Guinea - surrounding islands
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
In New Zealand and New Guinea, foxes of all species, especially red foxes, are illegal to be kept as pets, because they were introduced on the territory where they killed native wildlife, and thus, are considered pest. They can only be used for educational programs.
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
Foxes were legal in NSW, however, a new law has been passed in 2015 which prohibits anyone from owning a fox in the state. Current fox owners must apply and be granted a license to be able to continue to keep their foxes.
New Zealand - New Guinea - surrounding islands
Are foxes legal ➝ NO
In New Zealand and New Guinea, foxes of all species, especially red foxes, are illegal to be kept as pets, because they were introduced on the territory where they killed native wildlife, and thus, are considered pest. They can only be used for educational programs.
Asia
Korea
Are foxes legal ➝ YES
Fennec foxes, red foxes, arctic foxes, pale foxes and other non threatened species can legally be possessed, whether they come from captivity - breeders, zoological facilities, fur farms - or from the wild.
Japan
Are foxes legal ➝ YES
Fennec foxes, red foxes, arctic foxes, pale foxes and other non threatened species, regardless of their colour, can be legally possessed without the need of a license. The foxes must come from breeders, fur farms or zoological facilities. Keeping a wild-caught fox as a pet is illegal.
Are foxes legal ➝ YES
Fennec foxes, red foxes, arctic foxes, pale foxes and other non threatened species can legally be possessed, whether they come from captivity - breeders, zoological facilities, fur farms - or from the wild.
Japan
Are foxes legal ➝ YES
Fennec foxes, red foxes, arctic foxes, pale foxes and other non threatened species, regardless of their colour, can be legally possessed without the need of a license. The foxes must come from breeders, fur farms or zoological facilities. Keeping a wild-caught fox as a pet is illegal.
Middle East
Israel: All foxes species are banned for private possession in Israel.
Africa
In South Africa, all non-threatened fox species are legal for private possession.
In Ethiopia, all non-threatened fox species are legal for private possession.
In Djibouti, all non-threatened fox species are legal for private possession.
In Ethiopia, all non-threatened fox species are legal for private possession.
In Djibouti, all non-threatened fox species are legal for private possession.
If you live in any other country (or province/state/city) that is not listed here, and you'd like to know if it's legal to own a fox, contact me and I'll give you an answer as fast as I can.
Suki, the 8 months old champagne Vulpes vulpes, relaxing on a fallen tree while on a walk through the woods during winter 2015.
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